New results indicate that particle discovered at CERN is Higgs boson

The ATLAS and CMS collaborations at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have presented new results that further elucidate the particle discovered last year. Having analysed two and a half times more data than was available for the announcement last July, they confirm that the new particle is looking more and more like a Higgs boson, the particle linked to the mechanism that gives mass to elementary particles.

It remains an open question, however, whether this is the Higgs boson of the Standard Model of particle physics, or possibly the lightest of several bosons predicted in some theories that

go beyond the Standard Model. Finding the answer to this question will take time.

Whether or not it is a Higgs boson is demonstrated by how it interacts with other particles, and its quantum properties. For example, a Higgs boson is postulated to have no spin, and in the Standard Model its parity – a measure of how its mirror image behaves – should be positive. CMS and ATLAS have compared a number of options for the spin-parity of this particle, and these all prefer no spin and positive parity. This, coupled with the measured interactions of the new particle with other particles, strongly indicates that it is a Higgs boson.

CMS spokesman Joe Incandela: "The preliminary results with the full 2012 data set are magnificent, and to me it is clear that we are dealing with a Higgs boson, though we still have a long way to go to know what kind of Higgs boson it is."

ATLAS spokesperson Dave Charlton: "The beautiful new results represent a huge effort by many dedicated people. They point to the new particle having the spin-parity of a Higgs boson, as in the Standard Model. We are now well started on the measurement programme in the Higgs sector."

To determine if this is the Standard Model Higgs boson, the collaborations have, for example, to measure precisely the rate at which the boson decays into other particles and compare the results to the predictions. The detection of the boson is a very rare occurrence – it takes around 1 trillion (10¹²) proton-proton collisions for each observed event. To characterise all of the decay modes will require much more data.

Described as "one of the great engineering milestones of mankind", the LHC is the world's largest particle accelerator and one of the most expensive machines ever built. From 2010-2011, it operated at 3.5 tera-electron volts (TeV) per beam, reaching 4 TeV in 2012. It is scheduled for upgrades that will increase its beam energy to 7 TeV in 2015. By comparison, the Tevatron at Fermilab – the second largest accelerator – achieved a maximum of 0.98 TeV per beam. It is hoped that the LHC will provide answers to some of the deepest mysteries in our universe, such as the nature of dark matter and why unequal amounts of matter and antimatter were produced at the earliest moment of the Big Bang.